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Source: Peng Li, Feng Tang, Xiangzhao Wang, "Comparison of processing speed of typical wavefront reconstruction methods for lateral shearing interferometry," Appl. Opt. 60(2) 312-325 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-2-312 Caption: Reconstructed wavefronts (left) and errors (right) of the three methods when reconstructing a wavefront containing high spatial frequency information. (a), (b) The FFT method; (c), (d) the LSQ method; (e), (f) the DZF method.	Source: Peng Li, Feng Tang, Xiangzhao Wang, "Comparison of processing speed of typical wavefront reconstruction methods for lateral shearing interferometry," Appl. Opt. 60(2) 312-325 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-2-312 Caption: Sheared wavefronts of the wavefront from the micro-objective in the (a) $ x $ x direction and (b) $ y $ y direction.	$3 Complex Jones matrix calculated for a birefringent digital phantom with an illumination angle of $\theta = 25^ \circ$ θ = 25 ∘ and $\phi = 0^ \circ$ ϕ = 0 ∘ . The synthetic measurements were generated using the V-BPM. In order to visualize the complex values, brightness shows the amplitude, and the color-code shows the phase of each Jones matrix component.$ Source: Amirhossein Saba, Joowon Lim, Ahmed B. Ayoub, Elizabeth E. Antoine, Demetri Psaltis, "Polarization-sensitive optical diffraction tomography," Optica 8(3) 402-408 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-3-402 Caption: Complex Jones matrix calculated for a birefringent digital phantom with an illumination angle of $\theta = 25^ \circ$ θ = 25 ∘ and $\phi = 0^ \circ$ ϕ = 0 ∘ . The synthetic measurements were generated using the V-BPM. In order to visualize the complex values, brightness shows the amplitude, and the color-code shows the phase of each Jones matrix component.	Source: Yi Yan, Pai Liu, Xiaopeng Zhang, Yangjun Luo, "Photonic crystal topological design for polarized and polarization-independent band gaps by gradient-free topology optimization," Opt. Express 29(16) 24861-24883 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-16-24861 Caption: Evolution history of the unit cell topology for maximizing the seventh band gap of PhCs under TM mode. Obtained topologies after (a) the first, (b) the second, (c) the fourth, (d) the sixth, (e) the eighth sub-optimization problems, and (f) the final optimum.
$5 Ballistic expansion, coupling, and interference of two polariton condensates. Recorded (a) and (d) real-space and (b) and (e) far-field PL of two condensates with separation distances ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m and ${d_{12}} = 89.3\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 89.3 µ m . Corresponding far-field interference patterns after masking of the emission in real space to block all emission outside the $2\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 2 µ m FWHM of each condensate node are shown in (c) and (f). (g) Distance dependence of the integrated complex coherence factor $\|{\tilde\mu_{12}}\|$ \| μ ~ 12 \| , while keeping the excitation pump power constant at $P = 1.2{P_{\text{thr}}}$ P = 1.2 P thr , where ${P_{\text{thr}}}$ P thr is the measured threshold pump power at a distance of ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . Blue circles correspond to experimental data and orange squares to GPE simulations. Red curve is a Gaussian fit [Eq. (2)] to the experimental data points. Inset shows the pump power dependence of the coherence between two condensates separated at ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . False color scale in (f) applies to (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) in linear scale and to (a) and (d) in logarithmic scale saturated below ${10^{- 4}}$ 10 − 4 of the maximum count rate. Scale bars in (a) and (d) and (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) correspond to $10\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 10 µ m and $1\;{{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}^{- 1}}$ 1 µ m − 1 , respectively.$ Source: J. D. Töpfer, I. Chatzopoulos, H. Sigurdsson, T. Cookson, Y. G. Rubo, P. G. Lagoudakis, "Engineering spatial coherence in lattices of polariton condensates," Optica 8(1) 106-113 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-1-106 Caption: Ballistic expansion, coupling, and interference of two polariton condensates. Recorded (a) and (d) real-space and (b) and (e) far-field PL of two condensates with separation distances ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m and ${d_{12}} = 89.3\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 89.3 µ m . Corresponding far-field interference patterns after masking of the emission in real space to block all emission outside the $2\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 2 µ m FWHM of each condensate node are shown in (c) and (f). (g) Distance dependence of the integrated complex coherence factor $\|{\tilde\mu_{12}}\|$ \| μ ~ 12 \| , while keeping the excitation pump power constant at $P = 1.2{P_{\text{thr}}}$ P = 1.2 P thr , where ${P_{\text{thr}}}$ P thr is the measured threshold pump power at a distance of ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . Blue circles correspond to experimental data and orange squares to GPE simulations. Red curve is a Gaussian fit [Eq. (2)] to the experimental data points. Inset shows the pump power dependence of the coherence between two condensates separated at ${d_{12}} = 12.7\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ d 12 = 12.7 µ m . False color scale in (f) applies to (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) in linear scale and to (a) and (d) in logarithmic scale saturated below ${10^{- 4}}$ 10 − 4 of the maximum count rate. Scale bars in (a) and (d) and (b)–(c) and (e)–(f) correspond to $10\;{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}$ 10 µ m and $1\;{{\unicode{x00B5}\text{m}}^{- 1}}$ 1 µ m − 1 , respectively.	Source: Taylor M. Cannon, Brett E. Bouma, Néstor Uribe-Patarroyo, "Layer-based, depth-resolved computation of attenuation coefficients and backscattering fractions in tissue using optical coherence tomography," Biomed. Opt. Express 12(8) 5037-5056 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-8-5037 Caption: Histological analysis of imaged porcine intestinal tissues. The high-resolution digital histology image of H & E-stained fixed tissue (a, d), mapping of regional trends in nucleus diameter (b, e), and mapping of regional trends in effective nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (NCR) (c, f) are shown for the two tissue samples imaged and analyzed in Fig. 6 (top row) and Fig. 7 (bottom row). The epithelium (Epi), lamina propria (LP), and Peyer’s Patches (PP) are indicated.	$7 Simulated PSFs on the 25 ($5 \times 5$ 5 × 5) elements of a detector array, with doughnut illumination beam.$ Source: Colin J. R. Sheppard, Marco Castello, Giorgio Tortarolo, Eli Slenders, Takahiro Deguchi, Sami V. Koho, Paolo Bianchini, Giuseppe Vicidomini, Alberto Diaspro, "Pixel reassignment in image scanning microscopy with a doughnut beam: example of maximum likelihood restoration," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 38(7) 1075-1084 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-38-7-1075 Caption: Simulated PSFs on the 25 ($5 \times 5$ 5 × 5) elements of a detector array, with doughnut illumination beam.	$8 2D classification. Representative examples of reconstructed 2D models shown on a logarithmic scale, with each row representing a different sample. The numbers indicate how many patterns had that model as the most likely one. The first two columns show models selected for further processing. The third column shows diffraction from rounded/spherical particles, except in the cub17 case where there were no spherical particles and the model shows diffraction from a dimer instead. The fourth column shows some of the low-contrast models generated by averaging patterns from a diverse set of particles. The resolution at the edge of the circle is 3.3 nm.$ Source: Kartik Ayyer, P. Lourdu Xavier, Johan Bielecki, Zhou Shen, Benedikt J. Daurer, Amit K. Samanta, Salah Awel, Richard Bean, Anton Barty, Martin Bergemann, Tomas Ekeberg, Armando D. Estillore, Hans Fangohr, Klaus Giewekemeyer, Mark S. Hunter, Mikhail Karnevskiy, Richard A. Kirian, Henry Kirkwood, Yoonhee Kim, Jayanath Koliyadu, Holger Lange, Romain Letrun, Jannik Lübke, Thomas Michelat, Andrew J. Morgan, Nils Roth, Tokushi Sato, Marcin Sikorski, Florian Schulz, John C. H. Spence, Patrik Vagovic, Tamme Wollweber, Lena Worbs, Oleksandr Yefanov, Yulong Zhuang, Filipe R. N. C. Maia, Daniel A. Horke, Jochen Küpper, N. Duane Loh, Adrian P. Mancuso, Henry N. Chapman, "3D diffractive imaging of nanoparticle ensembles using an x-ray laser," Optica 8(1) 15-23 (2020); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-1-15 Caption: 2D classification. Representative examples of reconstructed 2D models shown on a logarithmic scale, with each row representing a different sample. The numbers indicate how many patterns had that model as the most likely one. The first two columns show models selected for further processing. The third column shows diffraction from rounded/spherical particles, except in the cub17 case where there were no spherical particles and the model shows diffraction from a dimer instead. The fourth column shows some of the low-contrast models generated by averaging patterns from a diverse set of particles. The resolution at the edge of the circle is 3.3 nm.
Source: Nicholas Bender, Mengyuan Sun, Hasan Yılmaz, Joerg Bewersdorf, Hui Cao, "Circumventing the optical diffraction limit with customized speckles," Optica 8(2) 122-129 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-2-122 Caption: Customizing speckles for nonlinear pattern illumination. (a) Experimentally recorded speckle pattern that illuminates and photoconverts a uniform fluorescent protein sample. Within the white box, the speckles obey delta statistics, and outside they obey Rayleigh statistics. (b) Experimentally recorded image of the fluorescence from the unconverted regions shows isometric and isotropic spots produced by the vortices in the delta speckles; the region photoconverted by the Rayleigh speckles features large, irregular, and interconnected fluorescent grains.	$10 Spatiotemporal HBT effect under different values of (a)-(h) $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I , (i)-(p) $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs with (a)-(d), (i)-(l) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0 and (e)-(h), (m)-(p) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0.0001 cm $^{-1}$ − 1 . Other parameters are $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I = 2 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs = 0.1 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {t}}$ σ t = 10 ps, $\sigma _{\textrm {ct}}$ σ ct = 10 ps, $z$ z = 1000 m and $q_{14}$ q 14 = $q_{12}/10$ q 12 / 10 .$ Source: Adeel Abbas, Li-Gang Wang, "Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect in the spatiotemporal domain II: the effect of spatiotemporal coupling," OSA Continuum 4(8) 2221-2231 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/osac/abstract.cfm?URI=osac-4-8-2221 Caption: Spatiotemporal HBT effect under different values of (a)-(h) $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I , (i)-(p) $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs with (a)-(d), (i)-(l) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0 and (e)-(h), (m)-(p) $q_{12}$ q 12 = 0.0001 cm $^{-1}$ − 1 . Other parameters are $\sigma _{\textrm {I}}$ σ I = 2 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {cs}}$ σ cs = 0.1 cm, $\sigma _{\textrm {t}}$ σ t = 10 ps, $\sigma _{\textrm {ct}}$ σ ct = 10 ps, $z$ z = 1000 m and $q_{14}$ q 14 = $q_{12}/10$ q 12 / 10 .	Source: Hyungwon Jin, Byungjae Hwang, Sangwon Lee, Jung-Hoon Park, "Limiting the incident NA for efficient wavefront shaping through thin anisotropic scattering media," Optica 8(4) 428-437 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-4-428 Caption: Amplitude and phase of the transmission matrix components connecting the different incident modes to a single output mode (amplitude maps are average of ${n} = 10$ 0.17 l ∗ experiments). (a) For diffusive media, the amplitude of each transmission matrix element is nearly uniform regardless of the illumination NA. (b), (c) For thin anisotropic scattering media, transmission matrix elements show higher amplitude bias for lower spatial frequency input modes. (d) As the thickness is increased, the amplitude distribution of each transmission matrix component becomes more similar with the diffusive medium and evenly distributed showing that more input modes have similar contribution to the corrected focus. The corrected phase maps shown in the insets for all samples are random showing that multiple scattering is induced for all samples considered.	$12 Results of optimization constraints. (a) The result of ${f_{1{\rm st}}}$ f 1 s t with a value of 1.15 nm. (b) The result of ${\gamma _g}$ γ g with a value of 1.56 nm.$ Source: Liu Zhang, Tailei Wang, Fan Zhang, Huanyu Zhao, Yu Zhao, Xiaoyi Zheng, "Design and optimization of integrated flexure mounts for unloading lateral gravity of a lightweight mirror for space application," Appl. Opt. 60(2) 417-426 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-2-417 Caption: Results of optimization constraints. (a) The result of ${f_{1{\rm st}}}$ f 1 s t with a value of 1.15 nm. (b) The result of ${\gamma _g}$ γ g with a value of 1.56 nm.