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Source: Radu Hristu, Stefan G. Stanciu, Adrian Dumitru, Bogdan Paun, Iustin Floroiu, Mariana Costache, George A. Stanciu, "Influence of hematoxylin and eosin staining on the quantitative analysis of second harmonic generation imaging of fixed tissue sections," Biomed. Opt. Express 12(9) 5829-5843 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-9-5829 Caption: Schematic representation of the imaging and quantification protocol: (a) images of two histology slides containing serial tissue sections, two stained with H&E (upper slide), and two unstained (lower slide, with the arrows indicating the position of the tissue sections); (b) large image depicting one H&E-stained tissue section; (c) image sets acquired on slides containing breast tissue; (d) polarization angle vs. SHG intensity (color-coded, with frames from 0 to 10 corresponding to polarization angles from 0° to 180° in steps of 20°) and images obtained from the FSHG image set and corresponding histograms; (e) image sets acquired on slides containing epithelial tissue. For (c) and (e) the MPM images are pseudo-colored: blue-color for FSHG, green-color for BSHG and red-color for autofluorescent tissue regions (probed by TPEF).	Source: Yi Yan, Pai Liu, Xiaopeng Zhang, Yangjun Luo, "Photonic crystal topological design for polarized and polarization-independent band gaps by gradient-free topology optimization," Opt. Express 29(16) 24861-24883 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-16-24861 Caption: Evolution history of the unit cell topology for maximizing the seventh band gap of PhCs under TM mode. Obtained topologies after (a) the first, (b) the second, (c) the fourth, (d) the sixth, (e) the eighth sub-optimization problems, and (f) the final optimum.	$3 2D classification. Representative examples of reconstructed 2D models shown on a logarithmic scale, with each row representing a different sample. The numbers indicate how many patterns had that model as the most likely one. The first two columns show models selected for further processing. The third column shows diffraction from rounded/spherical particles, except in the cub17 case where there were no spherical particles and the model shows diffraction from a dimer instead. The fourth column shows some of the low-contrast models generated by averaging patterns from a diverse set of particles. The resolution at the edge of the circle is 3.3 nm.$ Source: Kartik Ayyer, P. Lourdu Xavier, Johan Bielecki, Zhou Shen, Benedikt J. Daurer, Amit K. Samanta, Salah Awel, Richard Bean, Anton Barty, Martin Bergemann, Tomas Ekeberg, Armando D. Estillore, Hans Fangohr, Klaus Giewekemeyer, Mark S. Hunter, Mikhail Karnevskiy, Richard A. Kirian, Henry Kirkwood, Yoonhee Kim, Jayanath Koliyadu, Holger Lange, Romain Letrun, Jannik Lübke, Thomas Michelat, Andrew J. Morgan, Nils Roth, Tokushi Sato, Marcin Sikorski, Florian Schulz, John C. H. Spence, Patrik Vagovic, Tamme Wollweber, Lena Worbs, Oleksandr Yefanov, Yulong Zhuang, Filipe R. N. C. Maia, Daniel A. Horke, Jochen Küpper, N. Duane Loh, Adrian P. Mancuso, Henry N. Chapman, "3D diffractive imaging of nanoparticle ensembles using an x-ray laser," Optica 8(1) 15-23 (2020); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-1-15 Caption: 2D classification. Representative examples of reconstructed 2D models shown on a logarithmic scale, with each row representing a different sample. The numbers indicate how many patterns had that model as the most likely one. The first two columns show models selected for further processing. The third column shows diffraction from rounded/spherical particles, except in the cub17 case where there were no spherical particles and the model shows diffraction from a dimer instead. The fourth column shows some of the low-contrast models generated by averaging patterns from a diverse set of particles. The resolution at the edge of the circle is 3.3 nm.	$4 Results of optimization constraints. (a) The result of ${f_{1{\rm st}}}$ f 1 s t with a value of 1.15 nm. (b) The result of ${\gamma _g}$ γ g with a value of 1.56 nm.$ Source: Liu Zhang, Tailei Wang, Fan Zhang, Huanyu Zhao, Yu Zhao, Xiaoyi Zheng, "Design and optimization of integrated flexure mounts for unloading lateral gravity of a lightweight mirror for space application," Appl. Opt. 60(2) 417-426 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-2-417 Caption: Results of optimization constraints. (a) The result of ${f_{1{\rm st}}}$ f 1 s t with a value of 1.15 nm. (b) The result of ${\gamma _g}$ γ g with a value of 1.56 nm.
$5 Simulated wide-field FDCD images and chiral SIM images of chiral filaments with different dissymmetry factors controlled by the multiplication factor m. (a-c) Deconvolved wide-field FDCD images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. (d-f) Reconstructed chiral SIM images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. In this demonstration, $\Delta t$ Δ t = 1 s and ${I_0}$ I 0 = 50 W/cm2. The color bar indicates the value of the normalized differential fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 μm. The yellow arrows mark an area, which shows resolution improvement in chiral SIM images.$ Source: Shiang-Yu Huang, Ankit Kumar Singh, Jer-Shing Huang, "Signal and noise analysis for chiral structured illumination microscopy," Opt. Express 29(15) 23056-23072 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-15-23056 Caption: Simulated wide-field FDCD images and chiral SIM images of chiral filaments with different dissymmetry factors controlled by the multiplication factor m. (a-c) Deconvolved wide-field FDCD images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. (d-f) Reconstructed chiral SIM images with $m$ m = 1, 10, and 100, respectively. In this demonstration, $\Delta t$ Δ t = 1 s and ${I_0}$ I 0 = 50 W/cm2. The color bar indicates the value of the normalized differential fluorescence. Scale bar: 2 μm. The yellow arrows mark an area, which shows resolution improvement in chiral SIM images.	Source: Qiwei Li, Jiawei Song, Andrey S. Alenin, J. Scott Tyo, "Nonseparable modulation strategy for channeled spatiotemporal Stokes polarimeters," Appl. Opt. 60(3) 735-744 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-3-735 Caption: (a) Channel structure of the full Stokes parameters in the Fourier domain. Fourier transformation of inputs for various bandwidth scenarios: (b) low spatial, high temporal; (c) medium spatial, medium temporal; (d) high spatial, low temporal.	$7 Preprocessed DLHM holograms after normalizing (a) with $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) and (b) with $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ). Intensity reconstructions for (c) the $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) normalization and (d) the $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ) normalization. A loss in the diffraction efficiency of the resulting DLHM holograms is found.$ Source: Heberley Tobon, Carlos Trujillo, Jorge Garcia-Sucerquia, "Preprocessing in digital lensless holographic microscopy for intensity reconstructions with enhanced contrast," Appl. Opt. 60(4) A215-A221 (2020); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-4-A215 Caption: Preprocessed DLHM holograms after normalizing (a) with $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) and (b) with $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ). Intensity reconstructions for (c) the $I_0^2({\vec r})$ I 0 2 ( r → ) normalization and (d) the $I_0^3({\vec r})$ I 0 3 ( r → ) normalization. A loss in the diffraction efficiency of the resulting DLHM holograms is found.	$8 Fluence profiles of the $s\!$ s -polarized beam after passage through (a) one Si plate, (b) two Si plates (beam-displacement compensating arrangement), and (c) three Si plates consisting of two plates in the beam-displacement compensating arrangement and one additional parallel plate.$ Source: Bianka Csanaková, Ondřej Novák, Martin Smrž, Jaroslav Huynh, Helena Jelínková, Antonio Lucianetti, Tomáš Mocek, "Silicon Brewster plate wavelength separator for a mid-IR optical parametric source," Appl. Opt. 60(2) 281-290 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-60-2-281 Caption: Fluence profiles of the $s\!$ s -polarized beam after passage through (a) one Si plate, (b) two Si plates (beam-displacement compensating arrangement), and (c) three Si plates consisting of two plates in the beam-displacement compensating arrangement and one additional parallel plate.
Source: Yue Du, Chenze Wang, Chen Zhang, Lingyun Guo, Yanzhu Chen, Meng Yan, Qianghui Feng, Mingtao Shang, Weibing Kuang, Zhengxia Wang, Zhen-Li Huang, "Computational framework for generating large panoramic super-resolution images from localization microscopy," Biomed. Opt. Express 12(8) 4759-4778 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/boe/abstract.cfm?URI=boe-12-8-4759 Caption: Illustration on overlapping region selection. (a) One of the adjacent images. The red arrow indicates the direction for searching overlapping region. (b) The other of the adjacent images. (c-d) The adjacent images after overlapping region selection. Here the green dash box represents the pre-determined region used for searching the overlapping region, the green solid box represents the overlapping region, and the yellow dashed box represents the sliding candidate region.	$10 A system of nanospheres each with the radius $a^{(t)}$ a ( t ) , which are distributed arbitrarily in the space and illuminated by a plane wave with the wave number $k$ k .$ Source: Mohammad Ali Shameli, Sayyed Reza Mirnaziry, Leila Yousefi, "Distributed silicon nanoparticles: an efficient light trapping platform toward ultrathin-film photovoltaics," Opt. Express 29(18) 28037-28053 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-29-18-28037 Caption: A system of nanospheres each with the radius $a^{(t)}$ a ( t ) , which are distributed arbitrarily in the space and illuminated by a plane wave with the wave number $k$ k .	$11 Intensity distributions at different propagation distances of a lasing beam with two different intensity distributions at two different propagation distances. (a) Distinct apple image at near-field plane, ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m , (b) distorted image at ${z} = {100}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 100 m m , (c) distorted image at ${z} = {200}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 200 m m , and (d) distinct star image at midfield plane, ${z} = {300}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 300 m m .$ Source: Chene Tradonsky, Simon Mahler, Gaodi Cai, Vishwa Pal, Ronen Chriki, Asher A. Friesem, Nir Davidson, "High-resolution digital spatial control of a highly multimode laser," Optica 8(6) 880-884 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-6-880 Caption: Intensity distributions at different propagation distances of a lasing beam with two different intensity distributions at two different propagation distances. (a) Distinct apple image at near-field plane, ${z} = {0}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 0 m m , (b) distorted image at ${z} = {100}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 100 m m , (c) distorted image at ${z} = {200}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 200 m m , and (d) distinct star image at midfield plane, ${z} = {300}\;{\rm mm}$ z = 300 m m .	Source: Nicholas Bender, Mengyuan Sun, Hasan Yılmaz, Joerg Bewersdorf, Hui Cao, "Circumventing the optical diffraction limit with customized speckles," Optica 8(2) 122-129 (2021); https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-2-122 Caption: Customizing speckles for nonlinear pattern illumination. (a) Experimentally recorded speckle pattern that illuminates and photoconverts a uniform fluorescent protein sample. Within the white box, the speckles obey delta statistics, and outside they obey Rayleigh statistics. (b) Experimentally recorded image of the fluorescence from the unconverted regions shows isometric and isotropic spots produced by the vortices in the delta speckles; the region photoconverted by the Rayleigh speckles features large, irregular, and interconnected fluorescent grains.